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JSTOR However, when Thomas Mocket, rector of Gilston in Hertfordshire, decried such vices in a pamphlet to justify the parliamentary 'ban' of Christmas, effective since June Christmastide: its history, festivities and carols. London: John Russell Smith. Domestic Annals of Scotland , p. The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to in Middle Scots. St Andrews: University of St Andrews and National Archives of Scotland. Archived from the original on May 19, Retrieved February 29, Scotland: a very short introduction.
Very short introductions. The Victorian Christmas Book. The Diary of a Country Parson — Creating the Commonwealth: The Economic Culture of Puritan New England. Merry Christmas! Harvard University Press. Moravian Christmas in the South.
Christmas in Colonial and Early America. United States: World Book Encyclopedia, Inc. World Book Encyclopedia. Carols were altered by substituting names of prominent political leaders for royal characters in the lyrics, such as the Three Kings. Church bells were melted down for their bronze to increase the national treasury, and religious services were banned on Christmas Day. The cake of kings, too, came under attack as a symbol of royalty. It survived, however, for a while with a new name—the cake of equality.
Archived from the original on November 1, How did people celebrate the Christmas during the French Revolution? In white-knuckled terror behind closed doors. Anti-clericalism reached its apex on 10 November , when a Fête de la Raison was held in honor of the Cult of Reason. Churches across France were renamed "Temples of Reason" and the Notre Dame was "de-baptized" for the occasion. The Commune spared no expense: "The first festival of reason, which took place in Notre Dame, featured a fabricated mountain, with a temple of philosophy at its summit and a script borrowed from an opera libretto.
At the sound of Marie-Joseph Chénier's Hymne à la Liberté, two rows of young women, dressed in white, descended the mountain, crossing each other before the 'altar of reason' before ascending once more to greet the goddess of Liberty. TUC press release. Archived from the original PDF on June 3, Retrieved January 12, What Dickens did advocate in his story was "the spirit of Christmas".
Sociologist James Barnett has described it as Dickens's "Carol Philosophy", which "combined religious and secular attitudes toward to celebration into a humanitarian pattern. It excoriated individual selfishness and extolled the virtues of brotherhood, kindness, and generosity at Christmas. Dickens preached that at Christmas men should forget self and think of others, especially the poor and the unfortunate.
A Christmas Carol. Broadview Press. Wordplay: origins, meanings, and usage of the English language. University of Toronto Press, , p. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. Christmas in My Heart , Volume 10, p.
Review and Herald Pub Assoc, Inverloch Historical Society Inc. Archived from the original on May 26, Retrieved July 25, University of Wisconsin.
Compendium of symbolic and ritual plants in Europe , p. University of Michigan ISBN Edition Stackpole Books Godey's copied it exactly, except he removed the Queen's tiara, and Prince Albert's moustache, to remake the engraving into an American scene. Broadview Literary Texts, New York: Broadview Press, ISBN The history of Christmas: Christmas history in America Archived April 19, , at the Wayback Machine , gov, November 26, Archived from the original on December 19, A History of Graphic Design.
p ISBN Straus November 16, Congressional Research Service. Archived PDF from the original on January 3, Retrieved January 2, Christmas Past. London: Sidgwick and Jackson.
The Xmas Files: Facts Behind the Myths and Magic of Christmas. London: Metro Publishing. The Guardian. Archived from the original on October 6, Retrieved October 23, Christmas at the Movies: Images of Christmas in American, British and European Cinema. A chapter on representations of Christmas in Soviet cinema could, in fact be the shortest in this collection: suffice it to say that there were, at least officially, no Christmas celebrations in the atheist socialist state after its foundation in Religious Policy in the Soviet Union.
The League sallied forth to save the day from this putative religious revival. Antireligioznik obliged with so many articles that it devoted an entire section of its annual index for to anti-religious training in the schools. More such material followed in , and a flood of it the next year. It recommended what Lenin and others earlier had explicitly condemned—carnivals, farces, and games to intimidate and purge the youth of religious belief.
It suggested that pupils campaign against customs associated with Christmas including Christmas trees and Easter. Some schools, the League approvingly reported, staged an anti-religious day on the 31st of each month. Not teachers but the League's local set the programme for this special occasion. Catholics of the Soviet Empire from Lenin Through Stalin. Syracuse University Press. As observed by Nicholas Brianchaninov, writing in —, after the NEP and just as the worst of collectivization was beginning, the Soviets deemed it necessary to drive into the heads of the people the axiom that religion was the synthesis of everything most harmful to humanity.
It must be presented as the enemy of man and society, of life and learning, of progress. In caricatures, articles, Bezbozhnik , Antireligioznik , League of Militant Atheists propaganda and films. School courses [were give] on conducting the struggle against religion how to profane a church, break windows, objects of piety.
The young, always eager to be with the latest trend, often responded to such propaganda. In Moscow in children were brought to spit on the crucifixes at Christmas. Priests in Tiraspol diocese were sometimes betrayed by their own young parishioners, leading to their imprisonment and even death, and tearing their families apart. But, as with most of Yeltsin's pronouncements, the holiday stirs a controversy".
Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 22, Retrieved November 22, For the first time in more than seven decades, Christmas—celebrated today by Russian Orthodox Christians—is a full state holiday across Russia's vast and snowy expanse. As part of Russian Federation President Boris N. Yeltsin's ambitious plan to revive the traditions of Old Russia, the republic's legislature declared last month that Christmas, long ignored under atheist Communist ideology, should be written back into the public calendar.
Polosin, head of the Russian legislature's committee on religion. The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 6, Retrieved March 11, The Daily Telegraph.
Archived from the original on May 29, Retrieved April 4, June 21, A History of Denmark. Macmillan International Higher Education. It is quite normal to go to church on Christmas Eve, and many people like to celebrate a christening or wedding in church. The Church is especially important at the end of a life; by far the majority of funerals are still conducted in a church by a minister. The United Methodist Church. Retrieved December 9, New Data From LifeWay Research".
Christianity Today. Archived from the original on January 29, Archived from the original on December 27, January 24, November 26, Archived from the original on September 14, Italy Magazine. Reader's Digest. Retrieved December 18, Country Living. Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas. Retrieved December 2, The Christmas tree as we know it seemed to emerge in Lutheran lands in Germany in the sixteenth century.
Although no specific city or town has been identified as the first to have a Christmas tree, records for the Cathedral of Strassburg indicate that a Christmas tree was set up in that church in during Martin Bucer's superintendency. Lutheran Spokesman. The Christmas tree became a widespread custom among German Lutherans by the eighteenth century. The Feast of Christmas. German Lutherans brought the decorated Christmas tree with them; the Moravians put lighted candles on those trees.
A Short History of Christianity. Many Lutherans continued to set up a small fir tree as their Christmas tree, and it must have been a seasonal sight in Bach's Leipzig at a time when it was virtually unknown in England, and little known in those farmlands of North America where Lutheran immigrants congregated.
Canadian Christmas Traditions. The eight-pointed star became a popular manufactured Christmas ornament around the s and many people place a star on the top of their Christmas tree to represent the Star of Bethlehem.
The School Journal. Christmas is the occasional of family reunions. Grandmother always has the place of honor. As the time approaches for enjoying the tree, she gathers her grandchildren about her, to tell them the story of the Christ child, with the meaning of the Christ child, with the meaning of the Christmas tree; how the evergreen is meant to represent the life everlasting, the candle lights to recall the light of the world, and the star at the top of the tree is to remind them of the star of Bethlehem.
The same ambiguity is seen in that most familiar of angels, the angel on top of the Christmas tree. This decoration, popularized in the nineteenth century, recalls the place of the angels in the Christmas story Luke 2. When Santa was a shaman. Paul: Llewellyn Publications , ISBN X. Lowe His biographer, Eddius Stephanus, relates that while Boniface was serving as a missionary near Geismar, Germany, he had enough of the locals' reverence for the old gods.
Taking an axe to an oak tree dedicated to Norse god Thor, Boniface chopped the tree down and dared Thor to zap him for it. When nothing happened, Boniface pointed out a young fir tree amid the roots of the oak and explained how this tree was a more fitting object of reverence as it pointed towards the Christian heaven and its triangular shape was reminiscent of the Christian trinity.
The Christmas Archives. Archived from the original on December 21, Fashion Era. Archived from the original on December 18, It is said to resemble the star of Bethlehem. The Mexicans call it the flower of the Holy Night, but usually it is called poinsettia after the man who introduced it to America, Dr Joel Poinsett.
Archived from the original on January 22, Retrieved February 17, Stripes Europe. November 21, Catholic Culture. Retrieved December 10, January 6, A Flame of Love. Grove Music Online. doi : December 9, Retrieved October 28, The New York Times. ISSN Retrieved November 13, NBC News.
Retrieved April 10, The legend of St. Nicholas, who became the bishop of Myra in the beginning of the fourth century, is the next link in the Christmas-gift chain. Legend has it that during his life the priest rode across Asia Minor bestowing gifts upon poor children. The Journey of the Magi: Meanings in History of a Christian Story.
Princeton University Press. This exchange network of ceremonial welcome was mirrored in a second reciprocity allowing early Christians to imagine their own magi: the phenomenon of giving gifts.
Most people today trace the practice of giving gifts on Christmas Day to the three gifts that the Magi gave to Jesus. Sociology of Giving. SAGE Publications. For the Enlightenment educationalist, gift-giving turned out to be a relic of a pagan custom, namely, the Roman Saturnalia. After the introduction of the Julian calendar in Rome, the 25th of December became the day of Sol invictus when people greeted the winter solstice. It was the day of the Sun's rebirth, and it was the day of the Christmas festivities — although it was only in the year AD that it appears to have become established as the day of Jesus's birth see Pannenberg The Eastern Church adopted this date even later, towards the end of the 4th century, having previously regarded the 6th of January as the day of gift-giving, as it still is in the Italian community of Befana.
The winter solstice was a time of festivity in every traditional culture, and the Christian Christmas probably took its place within this mythical context of the solar cult. Its core dogma of the Incarnation, however, solidly established the giving and receiving of gifts as the structural principle of that recurrent yet unique event. But in reality it was they, together with all their fellow men, who received the gift of God through man's renewed participation in the divine life' ibid.
Marshall Cavendish. Until quite recently, the celebrations focused solely on Saint Nicholas, or Sinterklaas SIN-ter-klahs , as the Dutch call him. Interestingly, the American Santa Claus was born out of the Dutch Sinterklaas. The regions of Italy: a reference guide to history and culture. Greenwood Publishing Group. Saint Nicholas Bishop of Myra replaced Sabino as the patron saint of the city A Greek from what is now Turkey, he lived in the early fourth century.
Stories Behind Men of Faith. Nicholas was born in the Greek city of Patara around AD. The son of a businessman named Theophanes and his wife, Nonna, the child's earliest years were spent in Myra As a port on the Mediterranean Sea, in the middle of the sea lanes that linked Egypt, Greece and Rome, Myra was a destination for traders, fishermen, and merchant sailors.
Spawned by the spirit of both the city's Greek heritage and the ruling Roman government, cultural endeavors such as art, drama, and music were mainstays of everyday life. Archived from the original on May 13, Basil — ". Archived from the original on January 12, Mikołaj, Gwiazdor, Aniołek, Dzieciątko czy może Dziadek Mróz? Bezprawnik in Polish. Archived from the original on December 24, pl in Polish.
Coptic Orthodox Church Network. Archived from the original on December 28, Retrieved January 17, Archived from the original on June 16, Retrieved June 12, Dutchman News. December 17, November 2, Archived from the original on March 3, The Holiday Season" December 19, accessed November 30, Archived copy at the Library of Congress May 7, November 8, Retrieved December 17, Harvard Data Science Review. S2CID Retrieved November 15, Moscow Madness: Crime, Corruption, and One Man's Pursuit of Profit in the New Russia.
Archived from the original on March 1, The Culture of Protestantism in Early Modern Scotland. Yale University Press. But, as with Most of Yeltsin's Pronouncements, the Holiday Stirs a Controversy". Retrieved August 11, Archived from the original on August 26, Retrieved August 10, Archived from the original on December 25, August 11, Retrieved December 11, Who Cares? Archived from the original on August 7, Retrieved August 22, Archived from the original on September 29, Archived from the original on February 16, Retrieved April 12, Religious Minorities and China.
Minority Rights Group International. Muslim Education in the 21st Century: Asian Perspectives. Subsequently, a new China was found on the basis of Communist ideology, i. Within the framework of this ideology, religion was treated as a 'contorted' world-view and people believed that religion would necessarily disappear at the end, along with the development of human society. A series of anti-religious campaigns was implemented by the Chinese Communist Party from the early s to the late s.
As a result, in nearly 30 years between the beginning of the s and the end of the s, mosques as well as churches and Chinese temples were shut down and Imams involved in forced 're-education'.
Archived from the original on January 5, Retrieved January 11, Among those arrested are a prominent pastor and his wife, of the Early Rain Covenant Church in Sichuan. Both have been charged with state subversion. And on Saturday morning, dozens of police raided a children's Bible class at Rongguili Church in Guangzhou. One Christian in Chengdu told the BBC: "I'm lucky they haven't found me yet.
South China Morning Post. Christmas is not a recognised holiday in mainland China — where the ruling party is officially atheist — and for many years authorities have taken a tough stance on anyone who celebrates it in public. The statement by Langfang officials said that anyone caught selling Christmas trees, wreaths, stockings or Santa Claus figures in the city would be punished. While the ban on the sale of Christmas goods might appear to be directed at retailers, it also comes amid a crackdown on Christians practising their religion across the country.
On Saturday morning, more than 60 police officers and officials stormed a children's Bible class in Guangzhou, capital of southern China's Guangdong province. The incident came after authorities shut down the 1,member Zion Church in Beijing in September and Chengdu's member Early Rain Covenant Church last week.
In the case of the latter, about worshippers were snatched from their homes or from the streets in coordinated raids. ISBN Comfort, David, Just Say Noel: A History of Christmas from the Nativity to the Nineties November Fireside. ISBN Count, Earl W. ISBN Federer, William J. ISBN Kelly, Joseph F. ISBN Miles, Clement A. ISBN Nissenbaum, Stephen, The Battle for Christmas ; New York: Vintage Books, ISBN Restad, Penne L. Christmas in America: A History. New York: Oxford University Press. Rosenthal, Jim, St.
Nicholas: A Closer Look at Christmas July Nelson Reference. ISBN Sammons, Peter May The Birth of Christ. Glory to Glory Publications UK. Encyclopædia Britannica. Christmas at Wikipedia's sister projects. Blue Christmas Boxing Day Children's Day Christmas Eve Nochebuena Saint Nicholas Day St.
Stephen's Day Sol Invictus Yule. Biblical Magi Adoration of the Magi Adoration of the Shepherds Advent Angel Gabriel Annunciation Annunciation to the shepherds Baptism of the Lord Bethlehem Christingle Christmastide Epiphany Herod the Great Jesus Joseph Mary Massacre of the Innocents flight into Egypt Nativity Fast Nativity of Jesus in art in later culture Nativity scene Neapolitan Saint Lucy Star of Bethlehem Twelfth Night.
In folklore. Badalisc La Befana Caganer Christkind Grýla Jack Frost Korvatunturi Kallikantzaros Legend of the Christmas Spider Miner's figure Nisse North Pole Old Man Winter Perchta Santa's workshop Tió de Nadal Turoń Vertep Yule Cat Yule Lads.
Saint Nicholas Santa Claus Ded Moroz Father Christmas Joulupukki Julemanden Noel Baba Olentzero Père Noël Sinterklaas Others. Santa's helpers. Belsnickel Elves Knecht Ruprecht Krampus Mrs. Claus Père Fouettard Sack Man Santa's reindeer Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer Snegurochka Zwarte Piet.
Advent calendar Advent candle Advent wreath Boar's Head Feast Candle arches Cards Carols by Candlelight Cavalcade of Magi Crackers Decorations Didukh Events and celebrations Feast of the Seven Fishes Flying Santa Gifts Google Santa Tracker Hampers Las Posadas Letters Lights Lord of Misrule Markets Meals and feasts Midnight Mass Moravian star Nine Lessons and Carols NORAD Tracks Santa Nutcrackers dolls Ornaments Parades list Piñatas Pyramids Räuchermann Seals Secret Santa Spanbaum Szopka Stamps Stockings Tree Twelve Days Wassailing Windows Yule goat Yule log.
Australia Denmark Germany Nazi Germany Hungary Iceland Indonesia Ireland Italy Mexico New Zealand Norway Philippines Poland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Sweden Ukraine United States American Civil War Hawaii Puritan New England Post-War United States.
Carols list Hit singles in the UK Hit singles in the US Music books Carols for Choirs The Oxford Book of Carols The New Oxford Book of Carols Piae Cantiones. In literature novels Secular Christmas stories A Christmas Carol Films Poetry " Old Santeclaus with Much Delight " " A Visit from St.
Nicholas " Television specials Yule Log. Advent Conspiracy Black Friday partying Black Friday shopping Bronner's Christmas Wonderland Christmas and holiday season Christmas club Christmas creep Christmas Day Trading Act Christmas Lectures Christmas Mountains Christmas truce Controversies Cyber Monday Economics Giving Tuesday Grinch El Gordo In July In August NBA games NFL games SantaCon Santa's Candy Castle Scrooge Small Business Saturday Super Saturday Ugly sweaters Virginia O'Hanlon "Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus" White Christmas Winter festivals WWE Tribute to the Troops Xmas.
Joulupöytä Julebord Kūčios Réveillon Thirteen desserts Twelve-dish supper Smörgåsbord Wigilia. Candy cane Cake Cookie Cozonac Fruitcake Gingerbread Kutia Makówki Melomakarono Mince pie Pampushka Panettone Pavlova Pecan pie Pumpkin pie Qurabiya Red velvet cake Stollen Szaloncukor Turrón Yule log. Menudo Borscht. Bread sauce Cranberry sauce. Apple cider Champurrado Eggnog Kissel Mulled wine Smoking Bishop Ponche crema. Hallaca Pierogi Tamale Varenyky. Carp Gefilte fish Ham Roast goose Romeritos Turkey Stuffing Tourtière meat pie.
Category Christianity portal Commons. Nativity of Jesus. Christ Child Jesus Mary Joseph. Melchior Caspar Balthazar. Shepherds Herod the Great. Gold Frankincense Myrrh. Matthew 1 Matthew Matthew Matthew Matthew Matthew Matthew Matthew Matthew Matthew Adoration of the Magi In art.
Luke 2 Annunciation to the shepherds. Manger Star of Bethlehem Virgin birth of Jesus Saint Joseph's dreams Flight into Egypt. In art In film Batlejka Christmas village Szopka Nativity displays theft Nativity play Vertep Serbian Others. Advent Christmas Church of the Nativity Nativity Fast. Links to related articles.
Liturgical year of the Catholic Church. Ordinary Form of the Roman Rite of the Latin Church Calendar. Sundays 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Immaculate Conception December 17 to Christmas Holy Family Mary, Mother of God Epiphany Baptism of the Lord. Presentation of the Lord.
Ash Wednesday Sundays 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Saint Joseph Annunciation Palm Sunday Holy Week. Holy Thursday Chrism Mass Mass of the Lord's Supper Good Friday Holy Saturday Easter Vigil.
Easter Sunday Octave Divine Mercy Sunday Sundays 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th Ascension Pentecost.
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